INSTITUTIONS OF THE SPANISH-SPEAKING WORLD MOD. 1

The proposed program intends to present an overview of the most important events that took place in the Hispano-American continent. The situation of the main cultures of the dominant original peoples - Aztecs, Maya and Incas - and of some less widespread in South America - Querandí, Quechua, Guaraní, etc. will be considered as a starting point. Together with the possible reasons that facilitated the Spanish domination such as, for example, the Mexican case, as well as the European situation, in particular that of the Kingdom of Spain, which favored territorial expansion in search of new horizons and evidence of geographical theories. Starting from the sixteenth century, after the discovery and the Spanish domination in the different regions of America, the facts have diversified and complicated according to the geographical areas due to the considerable extension of the continent - from Mexico in North America to Argentina in extreme South of the Continent, including the part of Central America and the ethnic multiplicity derived from the different origins of the populations. Similarly, the evolution of these regions, of their respective countries, of the identity of their populations, traditions, linguistic registers, etc. is not uniform.
In order to didactically address this diversification of Hispano-American America, a series of texts will be presented that address the intersection and comparison between cultures and the distinct periods of the struggles for independence from Spain, as well as internal struggles for geopolitical ambitions from different perspectives.
It follows that it would be impossible to develop, in the series of meetings established, the simple enumeration of the facts taken geographically or chronologically. Therefore, the decision to consider a selection of famous authors from different Spanish-speaking countries and a selection of their writings in different genres - chronicles, newspaper articles, essays, short stories, poems - will allow, as demonstrated by Jorge Luis Borges in his incomparable short story El Aleph, a vision of totality starting from the sum of heterogeneous elements of reality.

The course aims to provide to students an overview of the key moments in the political, social and cultural history of Spanish-speaking America.
Overview of Hispano-America. Main original civilizations. Geographic location. Discovery of America. Historical framework. Spanish conquest of the continent. Notions on historical-social evolution. Theoretical-critical and cultural events.

The prerequisites to access the course are a good knowledge of the formal register, written and oral, of the Italian language and a basic knowledge of the Spanish language.

Reading and analysis of texts. Students will be provided with a lecture notes of reading materials and geopolitical maps with which the teacher will work in the subsequent weekly meetings. This guide will be accompanied by the respective program and schedule so that students can read in advance the topic that will be developed in each meeting and have the opportunity to intervene to satisfy their doubts or formulate their comments. As already written, the development of the themes will not be chronological. Each meeting will consider a central theme of a specific region trying to establish radial or complementary connections with the subsequent units of the program.

Contents
Unit I
Presentation of the program. Geographical position in the planisphere of present-day Hispanic America. Detail of the borders of North America, Central America and South America.
Geographical location of the main societies of native peoples. Aztec Maya Incas. Features. Native peoples of South America. Characteristics.

Unit II
Discovery of America. Christopher Columbus. Journey of other explorers. Geographical and temporal location of the main routes from Spain to America. Illustrative map. XVI century. Exploration and conquest phase. Exploitation of natural resources. Map of virreinatos in South America.

Unit III
North America: Mexico. Central America: Cuba. Colombia. South America: Peru
Mexico. Readings: “Los hijos de la Malinche”. “Conquista y colonia” in El laberinto de la soledad, Octavio Paz. The arrival of Hernán Cortés. Relations with the Aztecs.
Cuba: relations between Spain and Cuba. Susanna Regazzoni's La condesa de Merlín.
The word: for independence from Spain. José Martí. Article on the American libertadores of Venezuela, Peru and Argentina. A proposal for the American union. Readings: “Tres héroes” and “Nuestra América”.
Colombia: A magical realism or a costumbrista realism? Reading of a selection of texts by Gabriel García Márquez.

Peru. Strategies and tricks of the Libertador del Peru General José de San Martín to free Lima without guns. Costume painting "Con días y ollas venceremos" in Tradiciones peruanas by Ricardo Palma.
Unit IV
Variations
Eduardo Galeano (Uruguay) on Chile: Selection of texts from El libro de los abrazos

Selection of texts by Juan Carlos Onetti (Uruguay) on Argentina. Between history and fiction: Eva Perón. “Ella” in Cuentos Completos
Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) on the constitutive matrix of the political-social configuration of the twentieth century: Civilización vs. Barbarie. “El cautivo” in Obras Completas.

Unit V
Dictatorships and War in the Cono Sur. Chile and Argentina
1982. The war of Atlántico Sur.

General bibliography
Enciclopedia Historia Universal. Aztecas Mayas Incas.Tomo 9 . Buenos Aires Ed. Clarin. 2005
América Colonial y Monarquías absolutas. Tomo 11. Buenos Aires Ed. Clarín. 2005
AAVV: Historia. América y Europa entre el Siglo XIV y fines del siglo XVIII. Buenos Aires. Ed. Santillana en línea. 2015
Galeano Eduardo. Las venas abiertas de América Latina. México Siglo XXI. 1971.
Lobato Mirta Suriano Juan. Nueva historia argentina .Atlas histórico. Buenos Aires. Sudamericana. 2000.
Speranza Graciela, Cittadini Fernando. Partes de Guerra. Malvinas 1982. Buenos Aires. Edhasa s/f. Hay versión digital.
Zanatta Loris. Historia de América Latina. Buenos Aires S. XXI. 2012..
-Storia dell´America Latina Contemporanea. Bari-Roma. Ed. Laterza. 2017.

Specific bibliography
Borges Jorge Luis. Obras Completas. Buenos Aires. Emecé. 1974.
Galeano Eduardo. Crónica de la ciudad de Santiago y Neruda/1 en El libro de los Abrazos. galeano_el_libro_de_los_abrazos%20.pdf
García Márquez, Gabriel. Cien años de soledad . Buenos Aires. Sudamericana. 1967.
Martí José. Ismaelillo Versos sencillos y otras páginas. (Selección y prólogo Susana Zanetti). Buenos Aires. CEAL. 1980
--Páginas de José Martí. (selección y prólogo Fryda Schultz de Montovani ). Buenos Aires. EUDEBA. 1963.
Onetti Juan Carlos. Cuentos Completos. Madrid. Alfaguara. 1994.
Parma Ricardo. Tradiciones peruanas. Caracas Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho. (comp. José Miguel Oviedo). 1979. Hay versión digital.
Paz Octavio. El Laberinto de la soledad. México. Fondo de cultura económica. 1959.

A survey in presence and a final paper on some of the chosen topics seen during the course.

The teaching methods used will be frontal lessons mainly in Italian, divided into two parts:
1) presentation of the author under study;
2) reading in Spanish language and analysis of the texts proposed in the bibliography.

A lecture notes with the course material will be provided to students through the moodle platform.

written and oral

This subject deals with topics related to the macro-area "Poverty and inequalities" and contributes to the achievement of one or more goals of U. N. Agenda for Sustainable Development