HYDRAULICS

The course is part of the core educational activities of the Environmental Engineering for Ecological Transition program. It aims to provide the fundamental elements of fluid mechanics and hydraulics with the purpose of: framing fluid mechanics issues starting from the identification of hypotheses, deriving descriptive analytical expressions, and using such expressions to obtain quantitative solutions.

Knowledge
-Knowledge of the basic principles of fluid mechanics and hydraulics governing the operation of hydraulic infrastructures (drainage networks, aqueducts, treatment plants) and the natural water cycle.
Skills:
- Calculate pressure forces.
- Solve the motion in single pipes under pressure given the boundary conditions;
- Calculate the motion in pipes or channels with free surface;
- Data Analysis and computation in Matlab;

Calculus, Physics (dynamics, pressure, energy), Linear Algebra (vector, scalar product, matrix)

- Definition of fluids. The continuum hypothesis. Dimensions and units of measurement.
- Fluid properties. Viscosity. Surface tension. Vapor pressure. Cavitation.
- Fluid statics. Pressure, forces on surfaces.
- Fluid kinematics. Total derivative. Reynolds transport theorem.
- Fluid dynamics. Conservation of mass equation. Bernoulli's theorem. Momentum equation.
- Flow in pressurized conduits. Buckingham’s theorem. Distributed and localized head losses.
- Differential equations of motion. Navier-Stokes equations.
- Free-surface flow. Uniform flow.
- Critical flow section, supercritical and subcritical flows, flow profiles.

Fluid Mechanics, V Edition, Cengel e Cimbala. Mc Graw Hill

The final exam consists of a written test structured as follows:

- Three numerical exercises:
- Hydrostatics (7 points)
- Pressurized pipes, including orifice outflow and momentum theorem (7 points)
- Open-channel flow (7 points)

- One open theoretical question (6 points), selected from the list provided by the instructor.

- Three short questions (6 points in total), which may combine theoretical aspects and calculation.

The maximum achievable score is 33/30; cum laude may be awarded to students achieving the highest score

written

21/33 points for practical exercises
6/33 points for open questions
6/33 points for quiz questions

Learning assessments are designed to assign the following levels of knowledge and understanding:
- Grade 28–30 with honors: excellent knowledge of the subject and the ability to apply acquired knowledge and tools deductively to new problems not previously encountered.
- Grade 24–27: good knowledge of the subject and the ability to apply acquired knowledge and tools to problems similar to those already addressed.
- Grade 18–23: sufficient knowledge of the subject and the ability to apply acquired knowledge and tools to problems similar to those already addressed, with some conceptual and/or calculation inaccuracies.

- Class Lectures
- Applied exercise Session